What flood-hit Pakistan could learn from Bangladesh
What do you do when you find yourself abandoned in your hour of greatest need? That’s the question many in Pakistan will be asking as a second flood disaster in three years looms. Monsoon rainfall in Punjab has already affected 2 million people and killed at least 880. About 60% of Punjab’s rice crop and 30% of its sugarcane is lost.
Worse may be yet to come.
The rainy season won’t end for another month and the waters are now crossing into Sindh, the province worst-hit by 2022 floods that submerged a third of the country, killed more than 1,700 people, caused $40 billion of damage and cut economic growth by 2.2 percentage points. Pakistan’s roughly 250 million people had barely begun to recover from that.
Of the $30 billion sought to rebuild the country after 2022, only $11 billion was pledged by development banks and other donors, and just $4.5 billion has been spent on flood recovery by this June.
That’s less than the roughly $4.6 billion of ‘aid’ in the donor package dedicated by oil exporters to allow Pakistan to pay for its crude imports on credit—hardly the best way of responding to a disaster made more likely by climate change. Development banks can’t accept all the blame, though: There simply weren’t enough investable projects looking for funds, according to finance minister Muhammad Aurangzeb.
How is one of the world’s poorest countries going to fix this as the blows from global warming keep coming thicker and faster? Believe it or not, there’s a hopeful lesson in one of the darkest episodes of Pakistan’s own history.
In 1970, modern Bangladesh was a Pakistani province and found itself in a similar place. The Bhola Cyclone that year was the deadliest on record, killing an estimated 300,000 people as its storm surge inundated the low-lying country. Its victims found themselves abandoned by those they turned to for help: In this case, the west Pakistani elite, who made only fitful attempts at disaster relief, blocked Bengali politicians from power and finally unleashed ethnic cleansing to suppress the growing nationalist movement.
Bangladesh’s long road from that war-torn moment to its present status, as an independent country about 50% richer than Pakistan itself, is a testament to what change from below can accomplish. Despite its own deep vulnerability to natural disasters, the country has suffered fewer flood deaths in the past 25 years than Pakistan has experienced since 2020. That has largely been achieved without the sort of large-scale infrastructure that the likes of China and Japan have used to bulletproof themselves against catastrophes, and that Pakistan has neither the funding nor the project pipeline to build.
What’s been the secret? A crucial factor has been putting more power in the hands of women. Across South Asia, women are disproportionately at risk during natural disasters, in part because of fears of ‘dishonour,’ violence and looting if they leave the family home to evacuate to shelters or relief camps. During 1991’s Cyclone Gorky in the Bay of Bengal, women accounted for about 93% of the 140,000 killed.
Fixing such cultural issues can be hard, but Bangladesh has had success recruiting more women as disaster volunteers and early-warning coordinators. As those reforms have spread, death tolls in more recent cyclones have been far lower and more evenly-balanced between genders. Pakistan has been learning a similar lesson: About 37% of housing grants under a World Bank programme to rebuild from the 2022 floods have gone to women.
Empowering women is also going to be crucial to the development that Pakistan will need to free itself of dependence on donor nations—an important consideration, considering the aid budgets of the US and UK, two of the biggest donors, have been eviscerated this year.
Bangladesh’s economic miracle was built by the millions of women who flocked to its garment industry, turning it into the world’s largest apparel exporter after China. Some 44% of women now have jobs, a share that exceeds Italy. (In contrast, only 32% of Pakistani women even have access to a mobile phone.) That’s spurred urbanization and investment, both of which have now overtaken rates seen in Pakistan. With each passing year, a less poverty-stricken Bangladesh gets better at protecting itself against the damage from climate change.
Pakistan has no shortage of plans to fix its climate vulnerability, but grassroots change is its greatest hope. With labour costs now lower than those of Bangladesh, whose minimum wage is far below a living income, it might even have the opportunity to copy its former province’s boom.
Floods have always been devastating. After the waters recede, however, they can nurture a new era of growth. ©Bloomberg
The author is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist covering climate change and energy.
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